Soil erosion, i.e., the physical wearing of the earth’s surface, is the most widespread form of soil degradation. The land area globally affected by erosion is over 16.106 km2, of which 5.5.106 km2 are affected by wind erosion and 3.106 km2 are severely affected (Lal, 2003). Wind- induced soil erosion is one of the main adverse factors contributing to desertification in drylands, resulting in the reduction of biological di- versity, loss of cultivated land, and environmental deterioration (Duni- way et al., 2019; Okin et al., 2001; Ravi et al., 2011; Schlesinger et al., 1990). It also directly contributes to natural adversities, such as dust storms, which affect everyday activity (Li et al., 2018) and the health of humans (Vodonos et al., 2014; Yitshak-Sade et al., 2015). Ecological processes and anthropogenic activities that aggravate wind erosion and
Mitigation of aeolian erosion of loess soil by Bio-Stimulated microbial induced calcite precipitation
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dust emissions have broad-scale implications for the functioning of global drylands and their residents (Duniway et al., 2019). According to recent simulations, global annual dust emissions have increased by 25 % between the late nineteenth century and today (Stanelle et al., 2014), with climate change and agricultural expansion contributing by 56 % and 40 %, respectively, to this change.
Wind erosion is controlled by reducing the wind erosion forces on erodible soil particles and by creating aggregates or soil surfaces more resistant to wind erosion forces (Tibke, 1988). This can be accomplished by a combination of vegetative, mechanical, and armoring approaches, either combined or stand-alone. Armoring of topsoil is mainly achieved by the application of stabilizers to increase its shear strength; these include cement-based grouts, petroleum mulches, brines, and polymers, among others. These stabilizers may introduce toxic materials into the
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