[1] Describe the historical and cultural processes that led to the invention of the mechanical/geared clock in Europe in the Middle Ages. (We are not interested here in earlier developments in other areas). A complete discussion will address:
a) highlights of the story of the geared clock’s development – key conditions leading to important new understandings, practices, and ultimately, technology
b) key actors in the process, and their roles in society
c) the evolution of interests of those key actors, and European society more broadly, in this historical process – i.e., what was wanted, or valuable, as things unfolded
[2] Show how this invention enabled the transformation of European and British culture from being organized around “organic” notions of time (bodily, daily, seasonal, and annual rhythms) to being organized around the notion of quantified and quantifiable time that we call “clock time” or artifactual time. A complete discussion will address:
a) the progressive organization of social activity, from Benedict’s influence up to the mid-1800s
b) advances in scientific conceptualization and in allied technology innovations
[3] Describe the influence of artifactual time on important activities in U.S. culture. A complete discussion will describe:
a) how people organized over a larger scale, expanding westward across the continent
b) how this depended on, and contributed to, the notion of artifactual tim
Required sources attached bellow. PLEASE DO NOT USE AI.