How has the dominance/hegemony of the US dollar been challenged by the energy crisis, BRICS+ and cryptocurrencies?

This essay question should be heavily related to international and development economics. Answer in relation to international trade theories, microeconomics and developmental economic models/frameworks. Can mention multilateral trading systems, the Heckscher-Ohlin model,  structural adjustment policies and IMF and World Bank etc. 

Mention ISSUES from the 3 challenges (BRICS+, energy crisis, cryptocurrencies) in international trade theory and microeconomic theories. 
PLEASE also address the ethical challenges that are faced towards this essay question.  E.g. affects on poverty, operational models. Also impacts on social and political frameworks. Link the microeconomic and international trade theories with real life concepts. 
CRITICALLY ANALYSE the points made. Look at the positives and negatives and critique models and theories of international trade. 
REMEMEBER each point has to link back to the essay question. VERY IMPORTANT!
I have attached the essay brief that can help guide you. It has references available that you should use. Also have references that are from your own research please. FOLLOW the marking criteria given in the essay brief to help achieve the best answer. 
I also attached an example essay to help you structure the essay but please do not copy this essay.

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