it’s a Pearson edexcel igcse language coursework assignment.
How far does Shakespeare present Lady Macbeth as a dominating character responsible for her husband’s downfall?
William Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy, “Macbeth,” explores the intricacies of ambition, power, and moral degradation. At the heart of the play, there is the question of who bears the greatest responsibility for Macbeth’s descent into tyranny. Like all tragedies, the protagonist’s tragic flaw ultimately leads to their demise. Lady Macbeth can therefore be viewed as the antagonist as her role is to provoke, ‘antagonise’ and affect Macbeth. Additionally, her character defies gender norms and aligns herself with the supernatural, earning her the nickname “the fourth witch.” This portrayal would have shocked Jocobean audiences, given their beliefs in rigid gender roles and King James Ist’s notorious fear of witchcraft and his belief in his own divine mandate. Lady Macbeth’s defiance challenges societal expectations, making her a compelling and unexpected character in the play. While various factors contribute to Macbeth’s tragic downfall, this essay delves into the extent of Lady Macbeth’s influence in shaping the trajectory of events.
Lady Macbeth’s future influence on Macbeth is foreshadowed in her reaction to receiving Macbeth’s letter which details the witches’ prophecy; here she matches and almost intensifies Macbeth’s ambition and adds evil aspects. This is made wholly clear when Lady Macbeth says that “shalt be What thou art promised”. The strong modal verb ‘shalt’ allows the audience to see that she believes there is a strong probability that something will come true; making the audience see that she considers Macbeth’s becoming king to be inevitable. Lady Macbeth taking such a strong stance at this early stage of the play makes us clearly see her ambition. As we have already been introduced to the murder of Duncan being the way in which Macbeth will ultimately achieve his position as king, Lady Macbeth’s euphemism through the use of the phrase ‘what thou art promised’ leads us to believe that she is purely evil. The fact that she victimises herself in the sense that she blames the decision of the murder on fate, makes us believe that her disregardance of morality makes her evil.
Lady Macbeth encourages Macbeth to abandon his moral principles and commit regicide to fulfil their ambitions. She tells him to “look like the innocent flower, / But be the serpent under’t” (Act 1, Scene 5), advocating deception and ruthlessness in pursuit of power. The noun ‘flower’ symbolises beauty, fragility, and innocence, reflecting the desired public perception or portrayal.’The adjective ‘innocent’ describes something pure, blameless, or lacking guilt. It contrasts sharply with the subsequent imagery of the serpent, highlighting the theme of deception and the duality of appearances. While the ‘serpent’ is a symbol of cunning, deceit, and evil in many literary traditions, including biblical imagery. Through the juxtaposition of imagery and the imperative tone, Lady Macbeth’s cunning and deceitful nature, persuades Macbeth to conceal his true intentions and reinforce his willingness to engage in murder is revealed. Additionally, Lady Macbeth’s encouragement of Macbeth’s immoral actions exacerbates his descent into tyranny and madness. By dismissing ethical considerations and advocating deceit and violence, she amplifies the destructive consequences of their ambition. However, while she influences his decisions, Macbeth remains accountable for his choices and actions.
Lady Macbeth plays a crucial role in her husband’s downfall through her manipulation of his conscience. This is proven as she questions his masculinity and courage, compelling him to take action. She challenges his resolve by saying, “When you durst do it, then you were a man” (Act 1, Scene 7), pressuring him to prove his manhood through her violence and motivation. The diction of ‘when’ followed by ‘then’ highlights Lady Macbeth’s ability to employ psychological tactics to compel Macbeth to action as she preys on Macbeth’s insecurities and desire for power, pushing him to pursue his ambitions with greater intensity. By undermining his masculinity, she effectively controls his actions, leading him down a path of moral degradation. Here, her character serves as a catalyst for his downfall as she sets in motion the events that ultimately lead to his tragic demise. However, while her influence is significant, Macbeth is still ultimately responsible for his choices.
Lady Macbeth’s guilt and mental deterioration reflect her role in her husband’s downfall. She initially minimises the murder: “A little water shall clear us of this deed,”. Lady Macbeth demonstrates a dismissive attitude towards the gravity of their actions. The phrase ‘Little water’ suggests a simple and easy solution to wash away the guilt, indicating an initial attempt to minimise the consequences of their actions. Similarly, the use of the verb ‘clear’ implies complete removal or purification, suggesting a belief that their guilt can be easily eradicated. Additionally, the use of the pronoun “us” implicates both Lady Macbeth and her husband in the deed, indicating a shared responsibility. However, as she experiences overwhelming guilt and remorse following Duncan’s murder, indicating her awareness of their culpability, she confesses: “All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand”, revealing the psychological toll of their actions. The determiner ‘all’ indicates the entirety or completeness of something. Here, it emphasises the magnitude or extent of the situation, suggesting that no amount of perfumes can mitigate the guilt or stain on Lady Macbeth’s conscience. The modal verb ‘will’ expresses futurity and inevitability, indicating a prediction or statement of fact about the future; it foreshadows a definitive assertion that no amount of perfumes – even the most exotic and luxurious scents of ‘arabia’, will be effective in sweetening Lady Macbeth’s “little hand,” or metaphorical guilt. Essentially, her conscience, initially suppressed by ambition, resurfaces as she grapples with the consequences of their actions, highlighting the moral repercussions of their ambition. Her unconditional guilt and mental deterioration serve as a poignant reminder of the human cost of ambition and moral compromise. Her descent into madness reflects the profound impact of their actions on their psyche, ultimately contributing to Macbeth’s downfall. Thus, while Lady Macbeth may not be solely responsible for her husband’s downfall, her culpability increases over time as she grapples with the consequences of their shared actions.
In the intricate tapestry of Shakespeare’s “Macbeth,” Lady Macbeth emerges as a central figure whose influence significantly shapes the tragic course of events, ultimately contributing to her husband’s downfall. Her manipulation, ambition, and disregard for morality serve as catalysts for Macbeth’s descent into darkness and tyranny. Yet, amidst her relentless drive for power lies a profound irony—the very actions that propel Macbeth towards his ambitious goals become the chains that bind both of them to their tragic fate. Lady Macbeth’s unwavering determination, while initially empowering, ultimately leads to her own unravelling, mirroring the inexorable spiral of guilt and remorse that consumes Macbeth. However, to solely condemn Lady Macbeth for Macbeth’s downfall would be overly simplistic. While her influence is undeniable, Macbeth’s own choices and vulnerabilities play a significant role in his tragic demise. Thus, the overall judgement of Lady Macbeth’s culpability must be nuanced. She is undeniably complicit, but her actions stem from a combination of ambition, manipulation, and the complexities of human nature depicted in Shakespeare’s tragedy. Through their downfall, the audience experiences catharsis—a cleansing of emotions—as they witness the consequences of unchecked ambition and the human capacity for both greatness and ruin. As Lady Macbeth herself said: “What’s done cannot be undone.”
Well done for pursuing a clear argument and supporting it. There is analysis of
Shakespeare’s language and techniques, although you have approached this in an overly grammatical way which we certainly didn’t do in the lessons. You have not addressed the form and structure of the play which we d. id discuss. Look at the GC resources I posted and your text annotations. These would better support some of your essay than using other sites.
You have a little context, but not enough to achieve 10 possible marks.
notes for improvement: