REVIEW OF LITERATURE : A STUDY ON WHOLE GENOME DNA METHYLATION IN T2DM PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE

This is the format I want in literature review for the topic A STUDY ON WHOLE GENOME DNA METHYLATION IN  T2DM PATIENTS  OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE(DKD). 

The references which are to be used should be the latest within 10 years. If any trend is to be mentioned or prevalence 2024 data should be used .  Start by stating the problem statement, which is how most DKD patients land up with serious complications by the time they receive expert care. pathophysiology of how epigenetic changes and metabolic memory predicts micro- as well as macrovascular complications of diabetes. explain in detail how targeting epigenetic changes can help as biomarkers as well as tailored treatment.this study which focuses on one of the epigenetic changes, that is DNA methylation can help us understand how hypomethylation of certain sites in whole genome analysis correlates with the severity of diabetic kidney disease. how age, gender, duration of the disease etc affects them ,use conclusions drawn from the different references, as the rationale of study and how in future it can explain as well as predict severity.as the previous work done is mostly either on western population or Chinese there is no such study in Indians.Also it is mostly done in T1DM patients , here in this research we are focussing on T2DM patients. Use recent study similar studies and their inferences where control and case were taken and compared .highlight how methylation can be early biomarker for dkd  as well as  source of targeted therapeutics . these are the headings I want to cover you can also add your own headings . some pointers for specific ones like where you are mentioning all the relevant studies in a tabular form mention from latest to oldest and also make a column for conclusion in one or two sentences

1. Define the Problem

• Introduction to DKD: Briefly define diabetic kidney disease, its role as a major complication of diabetes, and its significant impact on global health.

• Methylation Overview: Introduce DNA methylation, specifically whole-genome methylation, as an epigenetic factor that may influence the onset and progression of DKD.

• Research Question: State the importance of understanding methylation patterns in DKD for early diagnosis, prognosis, and potential therapeutic approaches.

2. Summarize the Magnitude and Epidemiology of the Problem

• Global and Indian Prevalence: Discuss the global burden of DKD, emphasizing its rising prevalence, particularly in India and other regions with high rates of diabetes.

• Impact on Healthcare: Provide statistics on the number of patients affected by DKD, healthcare costs, and associated mortality rates.

• Relevance of Methylation Studies: Summarize why epigenetic factors, like whole-genome methylation, are increasingly being studied in the context of diabetes and its complications.

3. Discuss the Relevant Context or Pathophysiology of the Problem

• DKD Pathophysiology: Explain the mechanisms of DKD, including glomerular dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis.

• Role of Methylation: Use this section to explain how DNA methylation alters gene expression, affecting pathways involved in DKD (e.g., transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), oxidative stress pathways).

• Diagram: Incorporate a flowchart or diagram to illustrate how methylation impacts DKD progression. This could show methylation’s influence on critical pathways like fibrosis and inflammation.

4. Review Published Studies on the Subject/Interventions Linked to the Research Question

• Synthesis Matrix: Use a table to summarize key studies that explore whole-genome methylation in diabetes and DKD. Include details such as:

• Author(s), Year: Reference the study.

• Objective: Focus of the research.

• Methodology: Population/sample size, methylation analysis techniques (e.g., whole-genome bisulfite sequencing).

• Key Findings: Main outcomes related to methylation changes and their impact on DKD.

• Indian Studies: Highlight any research conducted in India or with an Indian population, focusing on specific gene methylation patterns linked to DKD.

• Example format:

5. Write a Summary of the Review “What is already known about the subject?”

• Summarize major findings from the reviewed studies, such as:

• Known Methylation Changes: Common methylation sites or genes affected in DKD.

• Mechanisms: How methylation alters key biological processes in DKD (e.g., inflammation, fibrosis).

• Clinical Relevance: Potential for using methylation profiles as biomarkers for early DKD detection or prognosis.

6. Identify the Knowledge Gaps that Make Your Study Relevant and Unique

• Current Limitations: Discuss limitations of existing research, such as the small number of large-scale, population-wide studies on whole-genome methylation in DKD.

• Gap in Indian Context: Highlight the paucity of studies focused on Indian populations, despite the high burden of diabetes in the country.

• Need for Further Research: Identify areas that require further investigation, such as the role of environmental factors in methylation patterns, or the use of methylation profiles in predicting response to therapies.

7. Conclude the Review with the Rationale of the Study

• Rationale: Summarize why studying whole-genome methylation in DKD is critical, particularly in the Indian context. Emphasize the potential to discover novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

• Study’s Contribution: Conclude with how your study aims to fill the identified knowledge gaps and what new insights it might bring to the field of DKD epigenetics.

these are the references I want you to use: