How might a contemporary C21st reader respond to these examples of American Women’s Writing circa 1900 (Kate Chopin, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Willa Cather) ?
Use Textual Citations
1. How might a contemporary 21st-century reader respond to the portrayal of women in Chopin’s The Awakening and The Story of an Hour?
A 21st-century reader might empathize with the characters of Edna and Mrs. Mallard, especially in light of modern conversations about women’s autonomy, mental health, and freedom. The tension between self-fulfillment and societal roles would likely resonate with readers today, who are still grappling with the balancing act between personal desires and societal expectations.
In The Awakening, Edna’s awakening to her own desires and selfhood (“She felt no longer like a mother, but like a woman who has found herself.”) could be seen as a proto-feminist moment. Modern readers might view this as empowering or tragic, depending on their perspective on women’s roles.
In The Story of an Hour, the line “Free, free, free!” when Mrs. Mallard hears of her husband’s death would strike contemporary readers as a moment of liberation, even though it’s fleeting and followed by tragic irony. This would prompt discussions around the repression of women in marriage and the societal expectations that confine them.
A modern reader may connect this to present-day gender discussions, where women still face challenges of work-life balance, career vs. family, and finding personal freedom within societal norms.
2. How might a 21st-century reader respond to the tragedy in The Awakening and The Story of an Hour?
Contemporary readers might see the tragic endings of both stories—Edna’s suicide and Mrs. Mallard’s sudden death—as representations of the extreme limitations placed on women at the time. In Edna’s case, her decision to end her life may be seen as a radical act of defiance against a society that offered her no true escape. For Mrs. Mallard, her brief moment of liberation followed by death emphasizes how fragile women’s autonomy was, even within the domestic sphere.
In The Awakening, the final scene where Edna walks into the sea, “The water was chill and the feeling of it was like the feeling of the world. The ocean, which Edna sought as a final refuge, symbolizes her alienation.” Modern readers might view this as a feminist reading—her death is a rejection of the constraints of her roles as wife and mother.
In The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard’s response to her husband’s presumed death, “She whispered, ‘Free, free, free!’” followed by the shocking irony of her actual death, underscores the deep repression of women. A contemporary reader might view this as a commentary on how women’s lives were dictated by societal norms and male authority.
21st-century readers might contrast these endings with current struggles for gender equality, looking at the ongoing fight for women’s rights, freedom from domestic violence, and reproductive rights as an extension of these earlier themes.
3. How might a contemporary C21st reader respond to the language and symbols in The Yellow Wallpaper?
A contemporary reader, particularly with a background in feminist or psychological readings, might recognize The Yellow Wallpaper as a powerful critique of the ways in which medical and societal structures treated women’s mental health, particularly with the “rest cure” that essentially silenced women’s voices and autonomy. The narrator’s descent into madness might be read as a metaphor for the suppression of women’s voices and creativity during that time.
The phrase “creeping” and “crawling” in the narrator’s descriptions of the wallpaper symbolize both the protagonist’s growing obsession and her inability to act on her desires. A modern reader might recognize this as a symbol of how women were often forced to “creep” into the margins of society.
The narrator’s description of the wallpaper as “a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that silly and conspicuous front design” may evoke modern interpretations of how women’s roles have been suppressed or hidden behind societal expectations, particularly in patriarchal structures.
Contemporary readers might draw connections between the historical treatment of mental health and the ways in which women today can still experience marginalization in medical and psychological contexts, particularly in terms of being dismissed or “gaslighted.”
4. How might a contemporary 21st-century reader respond to the treatment of marriage and autonomy in The Awakening, The Story of an Hour, and The Yellow Wallpaper?
A 21st-century reader, especially in light of more progressive views on marriage, might read the treatment of marriage in these texts as indicative of an oppressive institution for women during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While marriage was often seen as a social and economic necessity, women were expected to sublimate their identities to their roles as wives and mothers.
In The Awakening, Edna’s dissatisfaction with her marriage to Leonce is evident from the very beginning: “He was not very well pleased with the performance of his wife.” Her lack of fulfillment in her marriage is one of the key factors in her eventual awakening.
In The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard’s brief liberation upon hearing of her husband’s death symbolizes the constraints of her marriage. Her reaction is not one of grief, but rather of relief and joy at the prospect of freedom.
In The Yellow Wallpaper, the husband’s condescending treatment of his wife, calling her “little girl” and assuming he knows what’s best for her, is indicative of the marital power dynamics that were common in that era.
A contemporary reader might compare these portrayals of marriage with current discussions of marital equality, where autonomy and mutual respect are central values, as opposed to the more hierarchical and patriarchal marriages of the time.
5. How might a 21st-century reader respond to the role of social class and culture in A Wagner Matinée?
A modern reader would likely respond to the themes of class, cultural loss, and sacrifice in A Wagner Matinée with empathy for the aunt’s emotional conflict. The story presents a stark contrast between the rural, harsh life she has built in Nebraska and her memories of a more cultured life in Boston, making it a poignant reflection on the choices that immigrants and women often face.
The aunt’s emotional reaction to hearing the music is indicative of her connection to her lost past: “The music filled her with an unspeakable longing.” A modern reader might interpret this as an exploration of how people hold onto their cultural identities, even when circumstances force them to make sacrifices.
The description of her life in Boston as “no longer her own” after moving to Nebraska could resonate with readers today who feel torn between different parts of their identity or who have experienced a displacement from their own culture.
Contemporary readers might see the story as relevant to today’s conversations about cultural assimilation, migration, and the tensions between maintaining cultural heritage and adapting to a new life.
Final Thoughts for Contemporary C21st Reader Response:
Empathy and Disruption: Modern readers will likely respond with empathy, recognizing the struggles of the characters as part of the ongoing conversations about gender, identity, autonomy, and the systemic forces that shape women’s lives. The issues of isolation, mental health, freedom, and the consequences of marriage and motherhood continue to be central to contemporary discussions.
Relevance: The texts may also prompt reflection on how far we’ve come in terms of women’s rights and personal freedoms, while also serving as a reminder of how much work remains in achieving true equality for women in many areas of life.
By focusing on the characters’ desires, struggles, and the societal constraints placed on them, contemporary readers can connect these stories to current issues and deepen their understanding of both historical and ongoing gender dynamics.