Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to examine how combination therapy with metformin and SGLT-2 inhibitors affects blood glucose control, measured as HbA1c, in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to examine how combination therapy with metformin and SGLT-2 inhibitors affects blood glucose control, measured as HbA1c, in adults with type 2 diabetes. Research Question: What effect does combination therapy with metformin and SGLT-2 inhibitors have on HbA1c levels in adults with type 2 diabetes compared to metformin alone? The first part I need to submit is the Method section, but before I can start writing anything, I must first submit at least eight original studies from PubMed that are relevant to the aim and research question. My teacher must approve these articles before I can proceed with the writing. It is important that I stay in regular contact with you throughout the process. My teacher wants to read and provide feedback on each section before I move on to the next. To begin, you will need to search for original studies from PubMed. Once you have found them, I will send them to my teacher for approval. You should also specify which search terms you used in PubMed so that the article selection can be clearly understood. I also have an example of how the structure of the assignment should look, but it is in Swedish. SummaryThe summary (abstract) should be a miniature version of the thesis, summarizing the most important content, i.e., introduction, aim, method, results, discussion, and conclusion. No references are provided here. It may be a maximum of one A4 page in length.At the bottom of the summary, a maximum of five keywords should be listed.Formatting Guidelines- Below is a sample text to show how the body text should appear for printing.- Fonts: o Body text: Georgia o Title text on the front page: Verdana o Text within tables or incorporated in figures can preferably be written with Verdana, which is a sans serif font that works better for shorter text.- Font size: 11 pt (body text)- Font size heading: 20 pt, spacing to adjacent paragraphs: before and after 13 pt- Font size subheading: 16 pt, spacing to adjacent paragraphs: before 18 pt and after 6 pt- Font size and type for table and figure text: Georgia 9 pt or 10 pt- Suggested font size inside tables: Verdana 9 pt- Line spacing: single- Justified text (see example text below, the button looks like the justify button and can be found in the toolbar alongside left, right, and center alignment).- Margins: 2.8 cm right, 2.8 cm left, 2 cm top, 2 cm bottom- Page numbering: in footer, aligned to the right. Start from this page with page number 1.- Use of parentheses for references in the Vancouver system may be written with regular parentheses (3) or [3]; it is optional which type is used, but consistency must be maintained throughout the work.- Abbreviations used must be explained. Write out the full word (or phrase) with the abbreviation in parentheses the first time it appears in the text. Example: “Several new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been approved by the Medical Products Agency in recent years.” You may include a separate list of abbreviations in your work.Example Text:Pneumonia is by definition an infection-induced inflammation of lung tissue [1]. The inflammation leads to fluid accumulation in the alveoli and lung tissue, which appears as infiltrates on chest X-ray [2]. Pneumonia is the most common and serious infection in the Western world and the only infection that still claims a significant number of lives [3]. Deaths due to pneumonia usually occur in patients with other serious illnesses or advanced age. Pneumonia is classified as either community-acquired or hospital-acquired pneumonia [3, 4]. Community-acquired pneumonia is further divided into bacterial and atypical. This report will focus on community-acquired pneumonia. The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia is about 1% per year in the Western world [2,5]. Older individuals have a significantly higher incidence. About 15-20% of those who develop pneumonia require hospitalization. In Swedish infectious disease clinics, the mortality rate among patients with community-acquired pneumonia is 3.5-6%.To determine whether a patient should be treated at home, in a hospital ward, or in an intensive care unit, and to decide on the appropriate treatment, a model called CRB-65 is used (Figure 1) [5].CRB-651 – Home treatment2 – Hospital care3 – Intensive careFigure 1. Descriptive figure caption, adapted from [5]. All figures must have a caption that can be read independently of the main text. Figures should be numbered consecutively, separate from the numbering of tables.Table 1. Descriptive table caption, adapted from [3]. Tables have their captions at the top. It should include all the information needed for the reader to understand the table without referring to the main text.1 A B2 Xxx Xxx IntroductionIn the introduction, you should (relatively briefly) present the theories underlying your investigation, including sources and references. Regardless of whether you conducted a literature review or an experimental study, the introduction should explain what has previously been done in the area. You should also explain why you believe your investigation is valuable. The introduction should end with a paragraph that motivates and leads to the study’s aim. As you read other scientific articles, pay attention to how they are structured, what fits under each heading, and how the authors guide the reader through the text.AimClearly explain your aim and research questions so that the reader understands exactly what you want to investigate. The reader should be able to read only the research question and understand precisely what your study is examining. Therefore, include information such as population, delimitations, outcome measures, and similar.MethodHere, describe how you carried out your project. Explain which methods you used, what lab materials, what interview method, or how the literature selection was done. Use tables or figures if they help clarify your process. For literature reviews, specify which search engines were used, such as PubMed (Medline). Also state the search terms, the date range during which you conducted your searches, and the number of hits each search generated. This can preferably be presented in table form, including which references were selected from each search. You can refer to example theses available online. Mention the number of articles your literature review is based on and how you selected them. Only describe the method used to select the articles for the results section—do not include searches for background information or material for the introduction or discussion.Also describe your inclusion and exclusion criteria. Remember to justify all filters used in PubMed, such as limiting to specific years. Note that you do not need to use filters like “free full text” or “full text” as you have full access via the university. Articles lacking full text can be ordered if necessary.Also describe how you analyzed your results (not necessary for literature studies), e.g., if you used statistical analysis. If ethical approval is required for the study, this must be mentioned. However, all method sections, regardless of study type, must include an ethical reflection.Adapt the method description to the type of study you have conducted. Imagine that someone else, such as a classmate, should be able to read your method and then conduct the same literature search/study and get essentially the same results.Finally, you must state if AI was used in any form during the creation of the thesis. Specify exactly what AI was used for (e.g., language enhancement, translation, or generating research questions). You must also mention the AI tool used in the same way as other software or chemical substances are cited, for example: GraphPad Prism v10 for Macintosh (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).ResultsHere you describe the findings that answer your research question. Note that you may not bias your work by only including studies that support your desired outcome. It is essential to be objective and justify your selection if there is a large range of possible sources to answer your question. There is no upper limit to the number of references included in the results section of a literature review. The limitation depends on, for example, how much of the articles is included—if only brief data is presented, more references can be included. Include only results relevant to your research question(s)!In the results section, do not simply list summaries of different studies. Instead, aim to present the results as a cohesive whole, showing connections between studies and organizing them in a logical sequence based on your research question. Avoid presenting each study one by one.The results section must not include any method description or your own interpretation or analysis.Use diagrams, figures, or tables to illustrate your results. For example, a summary table or figure comparing similarities and differences between the studies in the results section should be included. Clearly indicate whether the results from your studies were statistically significant.Remember the rules for figure plagiarism. You can draw your own figures inspired by one or more existing ones. In that case, indicate your sources by stating “adapted from” as in the example figure above. Figures can be created using, for example, https://www.biorender.com, various image editing programs, or Microsoft 365 tools available through the university.DiscussionIn the discussion, it is time to interpret your results. What have others found in this area, and what is the broader significance of your results?Common parts of a discussion, for both experimental and literature studies, include: method discussion, results discussion, and conclusion. In the method discussion, you evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your method. Are there limitations or sources of error in the method you used? What is the quality of the included articles? How might that have affected the outcome?In the results discussion, you critically analyze your results. Answer your research questions and discuss their meaning. The results may differ from the theories stated in the introduction, which must be addressed. Are the results consistent, or do different studies show varying outcomes? How does the design (study design, sample/population, etc.) of different studies differ, and can that affect the results? What biases exist in the studies? This section will connect back to the introduction, your aim, and the chosen research questions.Also compare your results with other studies in the field, such as meta-analyses, reports from authorities, or original articles not included in the results section. Discuss the broader implications of your findings.In the discussion, it is important to reflect on the various results. You may express your own evaluations and interpretations, but they must have a scientific approach and be supported by the literature.ConclusionA short and concise conclusion answering your aim should conclude your report. Briefly summarize your conclusions or selected conclusions and mention what you believe future research should explore to further shed light on your topic.AcknowledgementsHere, you may thank those who have contributed to the development of your thesis. If your study was funded by external grants (common in external projects), you should also thank the organizations that funded the study.ReferencesAlways start the reference list on a new page. A very important principle, not just in academia, is that the work should be your own. If you use information from someone else, this must be cited. The two most common correct ways to incorporate others’ ideas are paraphrasing (restating in your own words) and quoting (verbatim reproduction)…. and end the sentence with the reference. Remember that direct translations do not count as paraphrasing, and the paraphrasing must be of sufficient quality not to be considered plagiarism. Review the plagiarism training if needed.The reference list is placed at the end of the report and must include a complete list of all sources cited in the text. The pharmacy program uses the Vancouver system for references in written work.