Don’t use text based on Chatgpt. Chatgpt can help with the structure of the text and the points to mention, but it’s not always correct in terms of facts or ideas. I give you plenty of bibliography to consult and use based on it. Please use the references I provide you with.Discuss the relationship between necropolitics and far-right parties and movements involves exploring how these entities exert power over life and death while engaging with resistance and the aesthetics of the multitude.
Antonio Negri’s concepts of general intellect and immaterial labor provide a valuable lens for understanding far-right political representation today.
Giorgio Agamben’s concept of the homo sacer is a figure who, under sovereign power, is excluded from the law yet simultaneously bound by it, existing in a state of “bare life”—a life stripped of political significance and exposed to violence. This concept can be directly related to far-right politics. The Construction of the “Other” as Homo Sacer: Far-right politics often create groups of homo sacer by excluding specific populations from the political and social community. These excluded groups are rendered vulnerable to both symbolic and physical violence.
The interplay between Butler’s ideas of body, assembly, vulnerability, and subjectivity, and Negri’s concepts of the multitude and multiplicity, provides a framework to understand resistance against far-right movements. By reclaiming the body as a site of plurality and exposure, collective action challenges the exclusionary, homogenizing power of far-right ideologies. In doing so, it transforms vulnerability into a source of agency, offering a democratic vision rooted in shared humanity and interdependence.
The relationship between Arendt’s spaces of appearance, Foucault’s spaces of surveillance, and Negri’s multitude offers a comprehensive lens to analyze the dynamics of collective action and resistance against far-right movements. Resistance involves reclaiming spaces of appearance while challenging surveillance, creating a political counterforce that emphasizes plurality, interdependence, and shared humanity. Far-right movements, which thrive on surveillance and exclusion, are inherently disrupted by these acts of collective defiance.
Resistance Against Necropolitics
- Resistance manifests through refusal to be marginalized or dehumanized.
- Embodied acts (protests), social and cultural movements affirm life in the face of necropolitical death.
Aesthetics of the Multitude
- The multitude’s aesthetics lie in its ability to visualize and perform plurality, challenging the far-right’s monolithic narratives.
- It transforms vulnerability into strength, emphasizing shared humanity against exclusionary ideologies.
Power Dynamics
- Far-right power derives from fear, exclusion, and the control of bodies and borders.
- The multitude disrupts this by reimagining power as collective, inclusive, and performative.
These authors are experts in these radical right-wing topics and some in far right in Portugal. Use these authors as references: Dario Tuorto, Stuart Hall, Ivan Krastev, Michael Lowy, Mark Fisher, Enzo Traverso, Michael Lowy, Pipa Norris, Daniel Bensaid, Jacques Ranciere, Hans Kundnani,Jean Yves Camus, Matías Saidel, Giorgio Agamben, Jens Rydgren, Fintan O’Toole, Nicos Poulantzas, Arjun Appadurai, Cas Mudde, Donatella Di Cesare, Hans Kundnani, Jean Yves Camus; Francis Fukuyama, Foucault, Samuel Piccolo and James Mcadams, Anton & Petter Tornberg, Antonis A. Ellinas, H. Geiselberger (edited), Joan Braune, Judith Butler, Katherine Kondor, Mark Litter, Kelly Fritsch (edited), Richard Saull, José Pedro Zúquete, Riccardo Marchi, Pedro C. Magalhães, Jorge M. Fernandes, Mariana Mendes and James Dennison, Alexandre Afonso, Sonia Alonso, Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Gabriel Fernandes Rocha Guimarães, Theo Aiolfi,Afonso Biscaia, Susana Salgado, Marina Grzinic,Eugenia Zena, Gerald Raunig, Salma Abdulmagied, Simon Springer, Daphna Ben-Shaul, Katariina Kaura-aho, Dinç D, Sophie Gaston, Sophie Kaldor, Carlos Morgado Braz, Rosa Balfour, Stefan Lehne, Harry Pickard, Georgios Efthyvoulou, Vincenzo Bove, Pedro Chamusca, Luís Cordeiro-Rodrigues, Bart Cammaerts, Henry Maher , Corinne Deloy , Elisabeth Ivarsflaten, Inês Casquilho-Martins , Helena Belchior-Rocha, David Ramalho Alves, Júlia Garraio, Olga Solovova, Sofia José Santos, etc
Use these authors for the multitude, body, subjectivity, protest, public sphere, necropolitics, biopower, Space, collective action, spaces of appearances/surveillance topics. These authors are experts in these topics:
Antonio Negri, Hardt, A. Mmembe, Nancy Fraser, Hannah Arendt, Chantal Mouffe, Judith Butler, J. Habermas, Lefebvre, Foucault, Sergio Tamayo (Spaces of Citizenship) ), J. Parkinson, S. Springer, etc.
OBS: I am sending a lot of research references to be used in the essay, as well as the structure of the article in the ‘article structure’ document. In this document I give references to news links about anti-racist protests; far-right marches; links that give information about the increase in hate crimes since 2019 in case it is difficult to find information. In the attached documents ‘Papers Portugal extremism’ there is information on the extreme right party in Portugal with representation (Chega); on ADN party that ran in the 2024 European elections and on other extreme right movements in Portugal in the GPAHE report; there is also information on the context of extreme right movements in the paper by ‘Ricardo Marchi_Political Violence from the Extreme Right in Contemporary Portugal_2019). In the documents ‘Anti racist demonstrations’ and “CIVICUS_Protests against racism” there are some information about the anti-racist protests and movement in Portugal. In the document ‘Books far right’ there is a huge bibliography on the subject with the authors that should serve as a reference. In the document ‘Papers far right’ you can find information on the extreme right movements in Portugal.’
Below, I have already uploaded merged documents with all the books or papers together so that it’s easier to search within the pdf for a term that covers all the books or papers I have in the folder.
I’ll also give you the link to the documents in the respective dropbox folders so that you can view them separately:
BOOKS: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/95pdukn0o7bctmbprorle/AOmSElYtxW5cFYfzIF0Lz6Q?rlkey=alab9cgddx5solkralyptco1q&st=93orx29e&dl=0
PAPERS FAR RIGHT: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/f9w2lcaenvecn1mn50goe/AB4VQKN6x6PdIbP8Guty7x0?rlkey=753rdjrovmi9ti3p97l2njb2o&st=77w6kj5u&dl=0
PAPERS PORTUGAL EXTREM. RIGHT:https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/bax4ok8nenjbb0t7006lk/APgi5eOjOa8SO20kBg2JvXM?rlkey=8oyuhbtuark3d2egqlgim9uur&st=i3ejd7f6&dl=0