Brief Description of Topic: In the American criminal justice system, there are racial discrepancies in sentencing; this research attempts to determine whether these disparities exist and to what degree. The study will investigate the causes of these differences, including systemic racism, implicit bias, socioeconomic variables, and sentencing guidelines. It will also evaluate the effect of these factors on the disproportionate treatment of racial minorities in sentencing outcomes when compared to whites..
APA Citations:
1. Alexander, M. (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. The New Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533256X.2012.648890
2. Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The Sociology Of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination In Employment, Housing, Credit, And Consumer Markets. Annual Review Of Sociology, 34(1), 181–209. Https://Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev.Soc.33.040406.131740
3. Unnever, J. D., Cullen, F. T., Mathers, S. A., McClure, T. E., & Allison, M. C. (2009). Racial Discrimination And Hirschi’s Criminological Classic: A Chapter In The Sociology Of Knowledge. Justice Quarterly, 26(3), 377–409. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/07418820802506180
4. Lane Kenworthy, Richard Münch, & John R. Sutton. (2007). Bruce Western, Punishment And Inequality In America. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2006. Socio – Economic Review, 5(3), 569–584. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Ser/Mwm003
5. Mustard, D. B. (2001). Racial, Ethnic, And Gender Disparities In Sentencing: Evidence From The U.S. Federal Courts. The Journal Of Law & Economics, 44(1), 285–314. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/320276
6. McConnell, B. (2022). Racial Sentencing Disparities And Differential Progression Through The Criminal Justice System: Evidence From Linked Federal And State Court Data. ArXiv.Org. Https://Doi.Org/10.48550/Arxiv.2203.14282
Rubic / requirements:
A minimum of five industry publications and/or scholarly articles to support your topic
Title page
Abstract
Body
1500 words
12-point font
Double-spaced
References/Bibliography
References and citations in APA format