The plan and structure of the dissertation must be like the attached dissertation (on Kurdistan) and here is my final plan structure:
chap 1 : intro
then background then aims and objectives then structure
chap 2 : literature review
then intro, the geopolitical/defense argument, the economic/monetary argument, the tech race/education soft power argument
then summary
chap3 : methodology
then intro; then discourse analysis, then theoretical framework then limits
chap 4 : findings, analysis and discussion
then intro, the brics as a multipolar world order initiative and solution
the brics within international media,
Realism, hegemony and game theory
chap 5 conclusion
add figures, tabs and maps
use political economy and political theorists authors/references also please use for the methodology the 3 books attached “Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis” and “Discourse Analysis”
Please avoid repititions, it must be 100% original content (no plagiarism). Please explore as many arguments as possible within the given format. Please provide original ideas backing the given guidelines, extensive in depth- research and review the most critical primary sources (authors + key texts, political theory and the different schools of thought). Here are 3 foundational arguments to develop and work from here:
The economic/monetary argument: China’s economic and life conditions improvements, its crony capitalism, the financialisation of its economy and leverage into the worlds financial markets via Hong Kong, a global and sovereign investment strategy (Foreign Direct Investments a clear long term vision for the country and the future of global trade; The Belt Road Initiative (which Italy has been supporting), easy access to consumers goods and credit for the rising middle class. The world is ditching the US dollar for trade and commerce and US-based imperialism and hegemony to embracing the BRICS, its monetary system and expansion, it is the only organised and credible alternative to the US-led world order and to create a fairer-based order which promotes multi-lateral collaboration for a multi-polar and balanced order.
Includes the monetary argument that demonstrates and highlights the current struggles of USD:
https://www.stimson.org/2023/
https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/
https://watcher.guru/news/
the geopolitical/defense argument: the soft power of China, its cultural diplomacy via open and elitist academic programmes, language and intellectual exchanges(Confucius Institutes and Chinese cultural centers across the globe) , popular tourism place for Western and digitally-connected youth, China’s multi-lateral view of the world’s balance of power (not an aggressive,hegemonic and dominant view of international relations unlike the US), the modernisation of Chinese institutions and the obsolescence of US-funded international organisations created by the Bretton Woods agreement (debt packages from the IMF, central banking monetary policy and a difficult banking landscape to navigate since the Great Financial Crisis in 08), the economic activities and economic development aid and policy of China in Africa, like Russia China is becoming a strong ally for African countries and a solid and reliable alternative to the deception/lack of progress caused by working with former colonial forces (France, UK) and the US, ultimately having the upper hand .
Includes the central and sensitive issue around Taiwan’s role as a global hub in state of the art chip manufacturing. Indeed Taiwan aims for a total independence from China and has the support of the US.
the technological/higher education argument: the monopoly of China on rare earth metals reserves and production, China and Taiwan’ s chip equipments manufacturing firms (causing geopolitical tensions), China’s main strengths are its large market demand for chips, its large number of trained engineers in chip design and logic process technology as well as government support. China’s industrial weaknesses are the key inputs, Electronic Design Automation, and especially capital equipment. Government support is also a double-edged sword because it has encouraged excessive government intervention within the management of firms and allocated capital based on metrics other than performance.
China greatly invested in research and production of renewables and pro-innovation policies amongst its scientific and higher education institutions, a vast pool of existing human capital. Today China is the biggest renewable energy producer worldwide – and it is set to reach its solar and wind goals 5 years earlier than planned*
(*https://amp.theguardian.com/
China leads the world in 37 out of 44 critical technologies, with Western democracies falling behind in the race for scientific and research breakthroughs, a report by an Australian think tank has found.*
With the rise of China, the period of US-dominated global economic governance is over.
Nuance the key points mentioned to highlight China’s / BRICS weaknesses and strengths towards ditching usd and shifting/influencing/leading the world order from unipolar and US-led to multipolar, fair and on an equal-to-equal base
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Gold-backed currency and the demise of US dollar
The military and ideological anti- Western hegemony perspective of the Global South, 80% of the world’s population in other words
The race for technology of the future and the critical chip-making industry
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What are the geopolitical, technological, financial and monetary advantages of the BRICS nations compared to Western nations?
the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) have several geopolitical, technological, financial, and monetary advantages compared to Western nations. Here are some key points to take into account:
- Geopolitical Advantages:
- Growing Influence: BRICS nations have been increasing their influence in global affairs, challenging the traditional dominance of Western nations. They have been actively seeking new alliances and partnerships, particularly in the Global South.
- Diverse Resources: BRICS nations possess a vast array of natural resources, including oil, gas, minerals, and agricultural land, which gives them a strategic advantage in the global economy.
- Technological Advantages:
- Rapid Advancement: BRICS nations have been investing heavily in research and development, leading to fast technological advancements. China and India, in particular, have become hubs for technology and innovation.
- Large Domestic Markets: The large domestic markets of BRICS nations provide a significant advantage in terms of scale and scope for technological development and adoption.
- Financial and Monetary Advantages:
- Emerging Economies: BRICS nations are among the world’s fastest-growing emerging economies, offering significant potential for investment and growth.
- Alternative Financial Institutions: BRICS nations have established alternative financial institutions, such as the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement, which challenge the dominance of Western-led institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
However, it’s important to note that these advantages are not without challenges. BRICS nations also face issues such as income inequality, political instability, and environmental concerns. Moreover, Western nations still hold significant influence in global affairs, and the relationship between BRICS and the West is complex and multifaceted.
In terms of controversial topics, it’s worth mentioning that the rise of BRICS has led to debates about the future of global governance and the potential shift in power from the West to the East. While some see this as a positive development that could lead to a more balanced and representative global order, others express concerns about the potential consequences of this shift, including the potential for increased competition and conflict.
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A multipolar world order is replacing the US-led hegemony and unipolarity.
A multipolar world order refers to a global political structure in which multiple nations or unions hold significant political, economic, and military power, as opposed to a unipolar or bipolar system. This shift has been accelerated by the rise of emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, and the relative decline of US hegemony.
The US has been the world’s dominant power since the end of the Cold War, but its influence has been waning due to various factors, including the 2008 financial crisis, the prolonged wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the rise of isolationist sentiments. At the same time, other countries have been growing in power and influence.
China, in particular, has emerged as a major global player, with the world’s second-largest economy and a rapidly modernizing military. It has been asserting its influence in various regions, from the South China Sea to Africa, through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative. India, too, has been growing in power and influence, with a rapidly growing economy and a large, young population.
The European Union, despite its internal challenges, remains a significant power, particularly in terms of economic and soft power. Russia, under Vladimir Putin, has also reasserted itself on the global stage, using its energy resources and military power to exert influence in its near abroad and beyond.
This multipolar world order presents both opportunities and challenges. On the one hand, it allows for more diverse perspectives and approaches to global issues, and it reduces the risk of a single power dominating the global agenda. On the other hand, it can lead to increased competition and conflict, as nations vie for influence and resources.
The key to navigating this multipolar world order, many experts argue, is cooperation and dialogue. Nations must work together to address global challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, and to maintain international norms and rules. At the same time, they must also be prepared to compete in a peaceful and constructive manner, avoiding the temptation to resort to force or coercion.
In conclusion, the shift towards a multipolar world order is a complex and multifaceted process, with both positive and negative implications. It requires careful navigation and cooperation among nations to ensure a stable and peaceful global order.
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the fall of US dollar and the rise of gold-backed national currencies
The trend of the US dollar’s decline and the rise of gold-backed national currencies is a complex issue that has been influenced by a variety of factors. In the past, the US dollar has been considered the world’s reserve currency, but in recent years, there has been a shift away from the dollar as other countries have sought to diversify their reserves.
One of the main reasons for the decline of the US dollar is the large amount of debt that the US government has accumulated. This has led to concerns about the stability of the dollar and has caused some countries to look for alternative reserve currencies.
The rise of gold-backed national currencies is one response to this trend. Gold has long been considered a stable store of value, and many countries have turned to it as a way to back their own currencies. This has helped to increase the value of gold and has led to a decline in the value of the US dollar.
However, it’s important to note that the trend of the US dollar’s decline and the rise of gold-backed national currencies is not uniform across all countries. Some countries have continued to use the US dollar as their reserve currency, and others have chosen to back their currencies with other assets.
It’s also worth noting that the trend of the US dollar’s decline and the rise of gold-backed national currencies is not necessarily a negative development. While it may pose challenges for the US economy, it could also create opportunities for other countries to assert their economic independence and strengthen their own currencies.
In summary, the fall of the US dollar and the rise of gold-backed national currencies is a complex issue that has been influenced by a variety of factors, including the US government’s debt and concerns about the stability of the dollar. While some countries have turned to gold as a way to back their own currencies, the trend is not uniform across all countries and may create both challenges and opportunities for different economies.
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each part should be structured with clear and original arguments from primary reading sources.
the method used is qualitative research, also use media discourse analysis : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
https://watcher.guru/news/
monetary part
(please complete these arguments with recent official data)
Highlight the decreasing US hegemony on economic, geopolitical, diplomatic and security levels and the weakening of USD and soft power.
Illustrate the uprising and steady as well as increasing global influence of multipolarity promoted by the Eastern/brics bloc. The US economy is overly dependent on the rest of the world, globalisation and its embedded capitalism and interconnectedness. The US trade deficit is also a major concern for the country and its economic attractiveness because it has permanently increased for several years.
The Brics strategy outlines for states to have their sovereignty and independence fully and internationally acknowledged and respected, equal to equal relationships on the international scene and win-win partnerships. Dozens of emerging countries from Africa, South Africa and Asia are applying to become a brics-member. The brics intend to build a fairer and more transparent financial system that is gold-backed. For example, Saudi Arabia ditched USD for oil transactions meaning the demise of Gulf states and American joint’s petro-dollar. By using national currencies with a gold backing, Global South countries would be able to trade and exchange more freely without the constraints and dependence upon national debt, currency volatility and IMF financial restructuring plans. 80% of the world wants to turn away from US leadership as it doubts its credibility and capability on political, economic and ideological levels. Also the race for the chip making industry and rare earth metals against China. China and Russia are growing extensive influence in Africa which means a great diplomatic loss for the US and its allies such as France, and their respective access to natural resources.
The international system has witnessed a significant transformation in recent years, marked by the emergence of a new multipolar world order. This shift represents a departure from the previous bipolar or unipolar systems, where power was concentrated in the hands of a few dominant states. In this essay, we will explore the causes and consequences of this new multipolar world order, shedding light on the factors that have led to its emergence and the implications it holds for global affairs.
Causes of a New Multipolar World Order:
1. Shifting Global Power Dynamics: The rise of new powers, such as China, India, and Brazil, has challenged the dominance of traditional powers, including the United States and European Union. This shift is driven by economic growth, demographic changes, and advancements in military capabilities.
2. Economic Interdependence: The increasing interconnectedness of the global economy has fostered a more multipolar system. The rise of emerging economies as major economic players has led to a diffusion of power, as no single state can monopolize global economic resources or markets.
3. Technological Advancements: The rapid development of technology has empowered a wider range of states to assert their influence on the global stage. Information and communication technologies have reduced communication barriers, enabling non-traditional actors to participate in global affairs and challenge established powers.
Consequences of a New Multipolar World Order:
Evolving International Relations: The rise of multiple power centers has necessitated a recalibration of international relations. States now engage in a complex web of alliances, partnerships, and rivalries, leading to a more fluid and unpredictable global landscape.
Power Struggles: As power becomes more diffuse, competition for influence and resources intensifies. This can result in regional conflicts, proxy wars, and the use of non-traditional tools, such as cyber warfare or economic coercion, to gain an advantage.
Impact on Global Governance: The emergence of a multipolar world disrupts established global governance structures. Traditional institutions, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, face challenges in adapting to the changing distribution of power and accommodating the interests of multiple actors.
The causes and consequences of a new multipolar world order are multifaceted and dynamic. Shifting global power dynamics, economic interdependence, and technological advancements have all played a role in shaping this emerging system. The consequences of this shift include evolving international relations, intensified power struggles, and the need for recalibrating global governance mechanisms. As the world continues to adapt to this new reality, understanding the causes and consequences of a multipolar world order is vital for policymakers, scholars, and individuals alike. Only through comprehensive analysis can we navigate the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in an increasingly multipolar global landscape.