students may seek permission to write on a subject occurring between 1865 and 1900. The paper must include at least 20 primary sources and 15 secondary source references. Individual letters or documents within a collection count as separate sources. Your paper must meet the following criteria:
1. A clear thesis that answers a historically significant question(s).
2. Be based on primary sources with significant support for secondary interpretations. You will use at least 20 primary sources and at least 15 secondary sources. The sources must be a good mix of evidence, and the secondary sources must be drawn from both books and articles.
3. A strong narrative supported by evidence in a systematic manner to support the thesis. Remember to use strong transitional devices between sections of the paper and frequently remind readers how each array of evidence supports the thesis.
4. Significant engagement with professional interpretations of the background or specific topic you researched.
5. Written in the active voice, past tense. Use block quotations only sparingly, if at all. Always integrate quotations into your own words rather than use them as independent sentences. Cite your evidence often.
6. The Department of History at LUO requires that students use the Turabian Notes – Bibliography citation style. You must use footnotes with the Turabian footnote citation style within the paper. Then, you must use the bibliographic format you practiced in this course for the final bibliography. Consult the LUO Online Writing Center Quick Guide
to Turabian for answers to common questions, including formatting considerations regarding margins, fonts, and spacing.
I. Introduction
A. Background on Lend-Lease
1. Definition and purpose
2. Historical context: the onset of World War II and economic challenges
B. Importance of Lend-Lease in wartime support
C. Thesis statement
1. Overview of how Lend-Lease influenced discussions and designs for freer international trade during postwar planning and reconversion
II. Origins and Objectives of the Lend-Lease Program
A. Legislative background
1. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941
2. Key proponents and political context
B. Strategic and economic goals
1. Support for Allied nations
2. Strengthening economic ties and setting the stage for postwar economic collaboration
III. Economic Impact of Lend-Lease on Allied Nations
A. Financial and material support
1. Scope and scale of assistance provided
2. Immediate economic relief for recipient nations
B. Strengthening economic interdependence
1. Creation of a network of economic cooperation
2. Influence on trade relationships
IV. Lend-Lease and the Foundations of Postwar Economic Planning
A. The Atlantic Charter (1941)
1. Principles of economic cooperation and free trade
2. Role of Lend-Lease in fostering these principles
B. The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture (1943)
1. Discussions on international economic cooperation
2. Influence of Lend-Lease on conference outcomes
V. Lend-Lease and Bretton Woods Conference (1944)
A. Establishment of international economic institutions
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. World Bank
B. Promotion of free trade and economic stability
1. Reduction of trade barriers
2. Impact of Lend-Lease on shaping conference agreements
VI. Postwar Reconversion and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
A. Transition from wartime to peacetime economies
1. Economic challenges and opportunities
2. Influence of Lend-Lease on reconversion strategies
B. Formation of GATT (1947)
1. Objectives and principles
2. How Lend-Lease experiences contributed to GATT negotiations and goals
VII. Long-term Impact on International Trade and Economic Policies
A. Strengthening global trade networks
1. Postwar economic recovery and growth
2. Lend-Lease’s role in promoting trade liberalization
B. Legacy of Lend-Lease in shaping modern economic policies
1. Continuation of free trade principles
2. Ongoing relevance in contemporary international trade discussions
VIII. Criticisms and Controversies
A. Opposition within the United States
1. Isolationist arguments
2. Economic concerns and political debates
B. Logistical and operational challenges
1. Coordination and distribution issues
2. Corruption and inefficiency concerns
IX. Conclusion
A. Summary of key points
1. Recap of Lend-Lease’s economic impact on postwar planning and trade
2. Overall significance of the program
B. Final thoughts
1. The enduring legacy of Lend-Lease in international economic relations
2. Implications for future economic cooperation and policy-making
X. References
A. List of primary and secondary sources used in the research
Sources I have found:
cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org. “World War II Operational Documents,” 1952. https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/2421/.
Department of State. “Digital Collections – National Library of Medicine.” collections.nlm.nih.gov, 1943. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-25110080R-bk.
Drent, Jan. “The Trans-Pacific Lend-Lease Shuttle to the Russian Far East 1941-46.” The Northern Mariner / Le Marin Du Nord 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 31–58. https://doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.201.
Floridamemory.com. “Lend-Lease Booklet,” 1944. https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/324365.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. The World Economy since the Wars. Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994.
Granger. “0653501 – WWII: LEND-LEASE PROGRAM. Graphic Chart Issued by the Office of War Information Showing the Percentages of the Domestic Food Supply Absorbed by Lend-Lease Shipments to U.S. Allies during World War II, 1943.,” 1942. https://www.granger.com/results.asp?inline=true&image=0653501&wwwflag=4&itemx=7.
Griffin, Aaron, and Vaughn Scribner. “The Undeclared War: How the Lend Lease Act of 1941 Signaled America’s Entry into World War II.” CLA Journal 6 (2018): 60–74. https://uca.edu/cahss/files/2020/07/Griffin-CLA-2018.pdf.
Hill, Alexander, and David Stahel. “British ‘Lend-Lease’ Aid to the USSR and the Battle of Moscow in the Light of Soviet and German Sources.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 34, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 537–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2022.2040839.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. “Image 1 of the Nome Nugget (Nome, Alaska), February 24, 1941,” 1941. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84020662/1941-02-24/ed-1/?sp=1&r=-0.194.
Mikhail Suprun. “Lend-Lease Food Aid to Russia/USSR during the Second World War.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies/the Journal of Slavic Military Studies 36, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2023.2207051.
National Archives. “Lend-Lease Act (1941),” September 21, 2021. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/lend-lease-act.
Nations, United . “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade – Main Page.” legal.un.org, 1947. https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/gatt/gatt.html.
Proquest.com. “Twelfth Report to Congress on Lend-Lease Operations. Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Report Regarding Reverse Lend-Lease Aid to the United States.,” 1943. https://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/result/congressional/congdocumentview?accountid=12085&groupid=101906&parmId=18FD1503337.
Roosevelt, Franklin . “Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – Our Documents.” docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu, 1940. http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odllpc2.html.
Seidl, Mark. “The Lend-Lease Program, 1941-1945 – FDR Presidential Library & Museum.” Fdrlibrary.org, 2016. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/lend-lease.
Statista. “WWII: U.S. Military Aid by Country and Category 1941-1949,” 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1348683/wwii-us-lend-lease-war-dept-aid-by-country-and-category/.
Terrell, Ellen. “Research Guides: This Month in Business History: Bretton Woods Conference & the Birth of the IMF and World Bank.” guides.loc.gov, February 2021. https://guides.loc.gov/this-month-in-business-history/july/bretton-woods-conference.
US Department of State. “The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944.” State.gov, 2019. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/98681.htm.